Old Testament Prophecy circa 755-720 BC
Introduction

About Hosea

God loves his people with a covenant love that cannot let them go - his discipline is not rejection but the tough love of a husband who will not surrender his unfaithful bride.

Unfailing LoveUnfaithfulnessRestorationMarriage

Written

circa 755-720 BC

Author

Hosea

Genre

Prophecy

Position

28th of 66 books - Minor Prophets (first of the Twelve)

Authorship

Hosea son of Beeri, a prophet in the northern kingdom of Israel during its final decades (c. 755-720 BC). His personal experience of marrying an unfaithful wife (Gomer) became a living parable of God's relationship with unfaithful Israel.

Historical Context

The northern kingdom of Israel in its final decades before Assyrian conquest in 722 BC. The nation was prosperous under Jeroboam II but spiritually corrupt - Baal worship had merged with YHWH worship.

Purpose

To use the metaphor of a broken marriage to expose Israel's spiritual adultery and to demonstrate that God's love is neither naive nor enabling - his discipline is an expression of his relentless covenant love.

Key Message

God loves his people with a covenant love that cannot let them go - his discipline is not rejection but the tough love of a husband who will not surrender his unfaithful bride.

Book Structure

1
Hosea's Marriage as Living Parable Ch. 1-3
2
Israel's Unfaithfulness and Coming Judgment Ch. 4-10
3
God's Relentless Love and Future Restoration Ch. 11-14

Interesting Facts

1

Hosea's marriage to Gomer is one of the most unusual prophetic acts in the Bible - God commanded a holy prophet to marry an unfaithful woman as a sign.

2

Hosea 11:1 - Out of Egypt I called my son - is applied to both Israel's exodus and Jesus's return from Egypt (Matt 2:15).

3

The book contains some of the most tender divine speech in the OT: How can I give you up, Ephraim? (11:8).

4

Hosea coined the phrase steadfast love (hesed) and not sacrifice - quoted by Jesus twice (Matt 9:13, 12:7).

Old Testament Connections

Leviticus 26 - The covenant curses Hosea announces are drawn from Mosaic legislation
Deuteronomy 32 - Moses's Song anticipates the pattern of apostasy and restoration that Hosea dramatizes

New Testament Connections

Matthew 2:15 - Matthew applies Hosea 11:1 to Jesus's return from Egypt
Matthew 9:13 - Jesus quotes Hosea 6:6 (I desire mercy, not sacrifice) to defend eating with sinners
Romans 9:25 - Paul quotes Hosea 2:23 to include Gentiles as God's people